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Objective To investigate the effect of fluoxetine-exposure during pregnant period on depression-like behaviors and hippocampal BDNF in offspring mice.Methods Sixteen C57BL/6 pregnant mice were randomly divided into fluoxetine group (Flu group) and normal saline group (NS group),including 8 mice in each group.And the mice in the Flu group and NS group were treated with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) and normal saline respectively by intragastric administration from the date of conception 9 to day 18.The adult offspring mice were divided into 8 groups including 4 subgroup with 8 in each group based on gender and circadian rhythm.That was Flu-MD group,Flu-MN group,Flu-FD group,Flu-FN group,NS-MD group,NS-MN group,NS-FD group and NS-FN group;"M" and "F" stands for gender;and "D"and "N" stands for circadian rhythm.The depression-like behavior of offspring adult mice was observed by tail suspension and forced swimming test,and the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampus was detected by Western blot.Results (1) There was no deformity in the adult offspring mice of NS group and Flu group;(2) In the tail suspension test and forced swimming test,there was no significant difference in cumulative immobility time between the Flu group and the NS group (P＞0.05).There was no significant difference in cumulative immobility time between male and female mice in NS group or Flu group (P＞0.05).There were significant differences in immobility time between Flu-MD group and Flu-MN group (tail suspension test:Flu-MD group (175.94± 30.93)s,Flu-MN group (127.65±44.91)s;forced swimming test:Flu-MD group (108.17±44.92)s,Flu-MN group (169.00±62.50) s,P＜0.05),and there were no significant difference in the rest groups.(3) There was no significant difference in the expression of BDNF protein between the Flu group and NS group (P＞0.05).Conclusion There is no phenotypic abnormalities on offspring when female mice were exposed to fluoxetine during their pregnancy period.It does not increase the occurrence of depression-like behavior of the adult offspring and does not affect the expression of BDNF in hippocampus.
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Forensic dentistry is an interdiscipline of forensic m edicine and stom atology, w hich provides legal inform ation by collecting, testing and assessing the dental evidence scientifically. In this review , the present application of forensic dentistry has been described, such as the estim ation of age, sex, species, occupation and living habit, as w ell as the identification of individual, dom estic violence or abuse, w hich aim s to enrich and im prove forensic dentistry for m aking it be m ore useful in forensic m edicine even in juridical practice.
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Objective To explore the disruption of circadian rhythm induced by the alteration of il?lumination leads to cognition impairement and mood dysreguation in mice. Methods 36 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into constant light group( CL) ,normal light group( N) and constant darkness group( CD) . Open field test was applied for the comparison of locomotor activity,tail suspension test and forced swimming test were conducted for assessment of mood state,and elevated plus?maze and Morris water maze were con?ducted for assessment of cognitive function. Results ( 1) Different circadian rhythms did not change the lo?comotor activity among three groups (CL:(200 160.00±955.28)cm,N:(208 148.00±578.11)cm,CD:(179 128.00±1 185.80)cm, P>0.05). (2) Compared with the control group,CL and CD mice showed significantly decreased immobility time in both TST (CD:(40.16±3.82)s,N:(18.83±2.27)s,CL:(46.00±2.80)s, P<0.01) and FST(CD:(181.33±9.03)s,N:(118.83±7.68)s,CL:(151.83±3.06)s, P<0.05). (3) Compared with the control group,CL and CD mice spent less time (CD:(21.76±6.88)s,N:(80.67±11.19)s,CL:(12.50±5.23)s, P<0.05) and made fewer entries (CD:3.33±0.49,N:6.83±0.91,CL:2.00±0.77, P<0.05) into open arms in elevated plus?maze, and exhibited less crossings in target quarter in Morris water maze (CL:2.67±0.76,N:5.00±0.26,CD:2.83±0.40, P<0.05). Conclusion Chronic constant light or darkness leads to negative impacts on mood and cognition in mice.
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Objective To investigate the sensitivity and variability factors that were assessed on the forced swimming test (FST) using BALB/C and Kunming mice. Methods The immobility time of FST was compared using Kunming and BALB/C mice in different experimental conditions including circadian rhythm ( day and night) ,gender and water temperature ( 12,22 and 32℃ ) . Results (①) The immobility time of BALB/C during the daytime( ( 142.42 ± 33.58) s) was significantly increased than that at night ( ( 104.89 ± 34.33 ) s). (② The immobility time of Kunming mice( (91.95 ± 40.32) s) was significantly decreased than that of BALB/C mice ( ( 142.42 ± 33.58 ) s). (③)The immobility time under the water temperature of 22 C ( ( 92.24 ± 25.81 ) s) was significant longer than that under the water temperature of 32C ( (60.72 ± 11.11 ) s). Conclusion BALB/C stain,male mice,daytime and water temperature of 22℃ should be chosen in the FST.
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Objective To investigate the influence of circadian rhythm,gender and stain on the tail suspension test in mice.Methods The immobility time of male and female Kunming,BALB/C and C57BL/6 mice in daytime or night were analyzed.Results ① The immobility time of Kunming mice during the day ( ( 114.24 ±11.18)s) was significantly more than that at night ( (65.39 ± 19.17)s).② The immobility time of male BALB/C mice( (68.57 ± 11.27 ) s) was significantly less than that of female BALB/C mice( ( 113.33 ± 3.87 ) s).③ The immobility time of C57BL/6 mice was significant more than that of Kunming and BALB/C mice under the same condition.Conclusions Circadian rhythm,gender and strain could significantly affect the immobility time of mice in tail suspension test.To increase the sensitivity and reliability of the tail suspension test,male Kunming and female BALB/C mice should be tested during the daytime.Compared to Kunming and BALB/C mice,the results of C57BL/6 mice were more stable.
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There is no defined legislation on paternity testing in present China,thus the testing status quo is in a mess to some extent.Together with other unfavorable factors including the unstable marital status in modern society,increasing extramarital sexual behaviors and illegitimate children,and the ever-heated testing competition among testing institutes driven by the economic interests and so forth,the paternity testing is on a sharp rise these years,which leads to a increasing chaos in paternity testing field.Social ethical crisis is partially responsible for the current problem,thus related ethical issues to paternity testing are discussed in this article.